This central Anatolian region is famous for the cliff dwellings and churches carved out of the volcanic rock. Erosion from wind and rain created interesting formations, including 
the oft-photographed “fairy chimneys” (see photograph).
The Göreme Open Air Museum (a UNESCO World Heritage site, thank you very much) contains a number of churches carved out of the cliffsides by the monastic community that lived there, so my sources cite, from the 11th Century. The interior decorations vary from simple pillars and primitive designs to elaborate frescoes on the walls and ceilings – some still very vivid even after centuries of tourists.
Some tourists were less benign. Fueled by a proscription on art depicting the human form, Muslim vandals scratched out the eyes of the images they could reach. What remains are haunting illustrations of saints and saviors with vacant stares or etched milky tears running down their cheeks.
The subterranean city of Kaymakli was built to guard against invaders. The stables and wineries indicated the citizens prepared to stay a while. The city had large stone plugs to roll over and close off entryways and keep unwanted guests out. They valued the exclusivity of their gated community.
Cappadocia by Air
A popular way to view the unique landscape in Cappadocia is by air via hot-air balloon. The ideal time to go is at dawn: to be aloft as the sun rises and illuminates the rock formations and dwelling.
Needless to say, this is not an undiscovered concept. Although several dozen other balloons joined us in the Anatolian sky that morning, it was not unpleasant to share the view. If you have the opportunity and the inclination, this is a lot of fun. Very recommended.
Details of our early morning excursion are on our blog post.
The Exchange of Populations
Cappadocia was the first place that the concept of the population exchange became evident. We spent time in the town of Mustafapasa, previously known as Sinasos when it was the home of a large Greek community. The Greek homes and the churches remain. The Greeks – except for the occasional tourist – are gone. In the early 1920s, the agreed-upon way to end the potential ethnic strife after Turkish independence was to transfer populations: Greeks living in Turkey were sent to Greece, Turks living in Greece were relocated to Turkey. Between 1.5 and 2 million people were displaced, many to “native” countries they had never visited. Some villages remained de-populated. Some enterprising individuals saw an opportunity in departing populations. The owner of a lovely guest home once boasted that his grandfather purchased the house from a departing Greek family for only 10 lira.
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